Estilo Directo E Indirecto en Ingles

Lesson half-dozen.1

Direct and Reported Spoken language

El estilo directo y indirecto

Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.

Straight Speech
(El estilo directo)

Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas (“…”) y deberá ser palabra por palabra.

Ejemplos:

“I am going to London next calendar week,” she said.
(“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.)

“Do you have a pen I could borrow,” he asked.
(“¿Tienes united nations bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?,” él preguntó.)

Alice said, “I love to dance.”
(Alice dijo, “Me encanta bailar.”)

Chris asked, “Would yous similar to accept dinner with me tomorrow nighttime?”
(Chris preguntó, “¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?”)

Reported Spoken language
(El estilo indirecto)

El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo,
no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general,
cuando se united states of america el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes una explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.

A veces se usa “
that
” en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar “
if
” o “
whether
”.

Nota: Ten en cuenta también que
las expresiones de tiempo
cambian en el estilo indirecto. Fijate en los cambios de tiempo en los ejemplos más abajo y después, encontrarás una tabla con más explicaciones de los cambios de tiempo en el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Nowadays Simple	Past Simple
“He is American,” she said.	She said he was American.
“I am happy to see you,” Mary said.	Mary said that she was happy to meet me.
He asked, “Are you busy tonight?”	He asked me if I was decorated that night.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
“Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said.	She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, “I’g making dinner.”	He told me that he was making dinner.
“Why are you working so hard?” they asked.	They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Uncomplicated	Past Perfect Unproblematic
“Nosotros went to the movies last night,” he said.	He told me they had gone to the movies the nighttime earlier.
Greg said, “I didn’t go to work yesterday.”	Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the twenty-four hour period before.
“Did you buy a new car?” she asked.	She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
“I was working late last dark,” Vicki said.	Vicki told me she’d been working tardily the night before.
They said, “nosotros weren’t waiting long.”	They said that they hadn’t been waiting long.
He asked, “were you sleeping when I called?”	He asked if I’d been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Unproblematic	By Perfect Uncomplicated
Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.”	Heather told me that she’d already eaten.
“Nosotros haven’t been to Red china,” they said.	They said they hadn’t been to Communist china.
“Have you worked hither earlier?” I asked.	I asked her whether she’d worked there before.
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
“I’ve been studying English for two years,” he said.	He said he’d been studying English for two years.
Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a twelvemonth now.”	Steve told me that they’d been dating for over a year.
“Have you been waiting long?” they asked.	They asked whether I’d been waiting long.
By Perfect Simple	Past Perfect Simple (NO CHANGE)
“I’d been to Chicago earlier for work,” he said.	He said that he’d been to Chicago before for work.
By Perfect Continuous	By Perfect Continuous (NO CHANGE)
She said, “I’d been dancing for years before the accident.”	She said she’d been dancing for years before the accident.

Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de algo en el futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.

Ejemplos:

“
I’chiliad

30 years old,” she said. → She said she

is

30 years quondam.

Dave said, “Kelly

is

ill.” → Dave said Kelly

is

sick.

“We

are going

to Tokyo side by side week,” they said. → They said they

are going

to Tokyo next week.

“
I’ll cutting

my pilus tomorrow,” Nina said. → Nina said she

is

cutting her pilus tomorrow.

Modal Verbs
(Los verbos modales)

El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales.

Nota: Con “would”, “could”, “should”, “might” y “ought to”, el tiempo no cambia.

Direct Speech	Indirect Voice communication
Will	Would
“I’ll go to the movies tomorrow,” John said.	John said he would go to the movies the next day.
“Will yous help me motility?” she asked.	She asked me if I would help her move.
Tin	Could
Debra said, “Allen can work tomorrow.”	Debra said Allen could piece of work the next 24-hour interval.
“Tin can you open up the window, please?”, he asked.	He asked me if I could open up the window.
Must	Had to
“You must vesture your seat belt,” mom said.	My mom said I had to vesture my seat belt.
She said, “You must work tomorrow.”	She said I had to work the next day.
Shall	Should
“Shall we go to the beach today?” Tom asked.	Tom asked if we should get to the embankment that day.
“What shall we practise tonight?” she asked.	She asked me what we should do that nighttime.
May	Might/Could
Jane said, “I may non exist in form tomorrow.”	Jane said she might not be in class the next day.
“May I use the bathroom, please?”, the male child asked.	The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.

Nota: A continuación tienes una tabla donde puedes observar los cambios que sufren las expresiones de tiempo cuando usamos el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech	Indirect Spoken language
today	that day
this evening	that night
this calendar week/month/year	that week/calendar month/year
tomorrow	the next day
next week/month/year	the following week/month/yr
yesterday	the day before or the previous 24-hour interval
last week/month/year	the week/calendar month year before or the previous week/month/year
at present	then/at that moment
Otros cambios
here	there

When we want to communicate or report what some other person has said, there are two ways of doing so: direct spoken communication and indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech

To report exactly what another person has said, we apply directly speech. In straight speech, what the person has said is placed within quotation marks (“…”) and should be give-and-take for word.

Examples:

“I am going to London next calendar week,” she said.

“Practise yous have a pen I could infringe,” he asked.

Alice said, “I honey to dance.”

Chris asked, “Would y’all similar to have dinner with me tomorrow nighttime?”

Indirect/Reported Speech

With indirect or reported speech communication, every bit opposed to direct speech communication,
we practise not employ quotation marks and it does not take to exist word for discussion.
In full general, when we use indirect or reported speech,
the verb tense changes. Beneath is a table with an explanation of the tense changes in indirect or reported spoken language.

We sometimes utilise “
that
” in affirmative and negative sentences to introduce what the other person has said. In interrogative sentences, “
if
” or “
whether
” are used.

Note: Go on in mind that
time expressions
also alter in reported spoken language. Notation the changes in fourth dimension in the examples below and at the end of the lesson you lot will find a table with more information regarding the changes in expressions of time in indirect or reported speech.

Direct Voice communication	Reported Speech communication
Nowadays Uncomplicated	Past Uncomplicated
“He is American,” she said.	She said he was American.
“I’m happy to encounter you lot,” Mary said.	Mary said that she was happy to see me.
” He asked, “Are you lot busy tonight?”	He asked me if I was busy that dark.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
“Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said.	She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, “I’m making dinner.”	He told me that he was making dinner.
“Why are y’all working so difficult?” they asked.	They asked me why I was working and so hard.
By Uncomplicated	Past Perfect Simple
“Nosotros went to the movies last night,” he said.	He told me they had gone to the movies the night before.
Greg said, “I didn’t go to work yesterday.”	Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the day before.
“Did y’all purchase a new car?” she asked.	She asked me if I had bought a new motorcar.
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
“I was working late terminal nighttime,” Vicki said.	Vicki told me she’d been working belatedly the dark before.
They said, “we weren’t waiting long.”	They said that they hadn’t been waiting long.
He asked, “were yous sleeping when I chosen?”	He asked if I’d been sleeping when he chosen.
Present Perfect Elementary	Past Perfect Simple
Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.”	Heather told me that she’d already eaten.
“We oasis’t been to China,” they said.	They said they hadn’t been to China.
“Have you worked here before?” I asked.	I asked her whether she’d worked there earlier.
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
“I’ve been studying English for ii years,” he said.	He said he’d been studying English for two years.
Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a year now.”	Steve told me that they’d been dating for over a twelvemonth.
“Have you been waiting long?” they asked.	They asked whether I’d been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple	Past Perfect Unproblematic (NO CHANGE)
“I’d been to Chicago earlier for work,” he said.	He said that he’d been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous (NO Alter)
She said, “I’d been dancing for years before the accident.”	She said she’d been dancing for years before the accident.

Annotation: When nosotros speak of something that has not changed (that is withal true) or of something in the future, we don’t need to alter the verb tense.

Examples:

“
I’thou

30 years old,” she said. → She said she

is

thirty years old.

Dave said, “Kelly

is

sick.” → Dave said Kelly

is

ill.

“We

are going

to Tokyo adjacent week,” they said. → They said they

are going

to Tokyo next week.

“
I’ll cut

my hair tomorrow,” Nina said. → Nina said she

is cutting

her pilus tomorrow.

Modal Verbs

The verb tense as well changes in indirect or reported speech with some of the modal verbs.

Note:
With “would”, “could”, “should”, “might” y “ought to”, the verb tense does non change.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Will	Would
“I’ll become to the movies tomorrow,” John said.	John said he would get to the movies the side by side day.
“Volition you help me move?” she asked.	She asked me if I would help her movement.
Can	Could
Debra said, “Allen can work tomorrow.”	Debra said Allen could work the next twenty-four hours.
“Can yous open the window, please?”, he asked.	He asked me if I could open the window.
Must	Had to
“You must wear your seat belt,” mom said.	My mom said I had to habiliment my seat belt.
” She said, “You must work tomorrow.”	She said I had to work the side by side twenty-four hours.
Shall	Should
“Shall we get* to the embankment today?”, Tom asked.	Tom asked if we should go to the beach that day.
“What shall nosotros do tonight?” she asked.	She asked me what we should practice that nighttime.
May	Might/Could
” Jane said, “I may not be in course tomorrow.”	Jane said she might non be in class the next day.
“May I use the bathroom, please?”, the boy asked.	The boy asked if he could use the bath.

Annotation:
Below is a table with an explication of how expressions of time modify in indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
today	that day
tonight	that night
this week/month/twelvemonth	that week/month/year
tomorrow	the next twenty-four hours
next week/month/year	the following week/month/yr
yesterday	the day before or the previous day
last week/month/year	the calendar week/calendar month year before or the previous week/month/yr
at present	then/at that moment
Other changes
here	at that place

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